What is Dengue:
Dengue is a
mosquito-borne viral infection that is common in warm, tropical climates.
Infection is caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (called
serotypes) and these can lead to a wide spectrum of symptoms, including some
which are extremely mild (unnoticeable) to those that may require medical
intervention and hospitalization. In severe cases, fatalities can occur.
Earlier this year, WHO listed dengue as a potential threat among ten diseases for 2019 and current outbreaks in many countries confirm this observation. Dengue epidemics tend to have seasonal patterns, with transmission often peaking during and after rainy seasons.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING THE INCREASE OF DENGUE:
There are several factors contributing to this increase and they are as follows
- The high mosquito population levels
- The susceptibility to circulating serotypes
- The favourable air temperatures.
- The precipitation and humidity
- The reproduction and feeding patterns of mosquito populations, as well as the dengue virus incubation period.
- Lack of proactive control interventions
- The absence of trained doctors and paramedical staff and unavailability of medicinesare some of the other challenges.
Dengue is a
self-limiting febrile illness with symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to
severe. Symptoms of dengue may be observed around 4–10 days after the bite of
an infected mosquito. Common symptoms are like that of the flu, with patients
experiencing:
- fever
- headaches
- pain behind the eyes
- muscle and joint pain
- nausea/vomiting
- rash
- fatigue.
As the disease
progresses, patients can also suffer from respiratory distress, bleeding from
the nose and gums and have a rapid drop in blood pressure leading to shock. If
left unmanaged, this can lead to death. Sound case management of dengue in
hospitals has helped to reduce case fatality rates to less than 1% in most
affected countries.
Dengue is increasing
at a higher rate than any other communicable disease, with 400% increase over
13 years (2000–2013). Annual dengue incidence is estimated to be in the order
of 100 million symptomatic cases a year, with another ~300 million asymptomatic
infections. The greatest burden is seen in Asia (75%) followed by Latin America
and Africa.
HOW TO PREVENT FROM
DENGUE:
The best way to
prevent infection is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes during daytime.
Mosquitoes that commonly transmit dengue virus often live in and around the
home and in the garden. People should:
- wear clothing that covers the body well (especially
legs and feet);
- keep mosquitoes out of the house by placing insect
screens over doors and windows;
- apply insect repellents according to the manufacturer’s
label instructions;
- sleep under a net, even during the day; and
- take extra precaution to prevent transmission if a family member is infected by avoiding mosquito bites.
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