risk factor

· 1. Smoking is the primary risk factor

o Long-term smoking is responsible for 80-90 % of cases. Smokers, compared to non-smokers are 10 times more likely to die of COPD.

2. Prolonged exposures to harmful particles and gases from:

o Second-hand smoke,

o Industrial smoke,

o Chemical gases, vapors, mists & fumes

o Dusts from grains, minerals & other materials

3. History of childhood respiratory infections

4. Genetic makeup

5. Increasing age

· Reference:

NHLBI http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/copd/

Homeopathy